Difference between revisions of "Anuvarsh Week 2"

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===Transcription===
 
===Transcription===
 
The process of transcription is used to transfer the genetic material in DNA to a functional copy called mRNA. Either strand of the DNA can be used to make RNA, but the RNA can only be created in the 5' to 3' direction. mRNA is created by using one of the strands of DNA as a template, and utilizing the base pairs of each base to create a complementary strand of genetic material. What differentiates transcription from replication (and mRNA from DNA) is that instead of thymine, adenine pairs to a base called uracil which is only found on RNA. After transcription, the following two strands of mRNA would be created:
 
The process of transcription is used to transfer the genetic material in DNA to a functional copy called mRNA. Either strand of the DNA can be used to make RNA, but the RNA can only be created in the 5' to 3' direction. mRNA is created by using one of the strands of DNA as a template, and utilizing the base pairs of each base to create a complementary strand of genetic material. What differentiates transcription from replication (and mRNA from DNA) is that instead of thymine, adenine pairs to a base called uracil which is only found on RNA. After transcription, the following two strands of mRNA would be created:
 +
 +
5'-cguaugcuaauaccauguuccgcguauaacccagccgccaguuccgcuggcggcauuuua-3' <!-- mRNA created when bottom strand is template strand -->
  
 
  5'-uaaaaugccgccagcggaacuggcggcuggguuauacgcggaacaugguauuagcauacg-3' <!-- mRNA created when top strand is template strand -->
 
  5'-uaaaaugccgccagcggaacuggcggcuggguuauacgcggaacaugguauuagcauacg-3' <!-- mRNA created when top strand is template strand -->
−
 
−
5'-cguaugcuaauaccauguuccgcguauaacccagccgccaguuccgcuggcggcauuuua-3' <!-- mRNA created when bottom strand is template strand -->
 
  
  
 
===Translation===
 
===Translation===
−
Once the mRNAs have been created, the cell is now prepared to translate genetic material into a protein.  
+
Once the mRNAs have been created, the cell is now prepared to translate genetic material into a protein. Because the mRNA is translated into protein using codons made up of 3 amino acids, there are a total of 6 possible reading frames for protein production from the two strands of mRNA created from the initial segment if DNA. Below are each of the 6 possible proteins that could be created by the 6 different reading frames.
 +
 
 +
====+1====
 +
 
 +
R-M-L-I-P-C-S-A-Y-N-P-A-A-S-S-A-G-G-I-L
 +
 
 +
This reading frame does not contain a stop codon.
 +
 
 +
====+2====
 +
 
 +
V-C-stop-Y-H-V-P-R-I-T-Q-P-P-V-P-L-A-A-F
 +
 
 +
====+3====
 +
 
 +
Y-A-N-T-M-F-R-V-stop-P-S-R-Q-F-R-W-R-H-F
 +
 
 +
====-1====
 +
 
 +
stop-N-A-A-S-G-T-G-G-W-V-I-R-G-T-W-Y-stop-H-T
 +
 
 +
====-2====
 +
 
 +
K-M-P-P-A-E-L-A-A-G-L-Y-A-E-H-G-I-S-I
  
−
* There are six possible reading frames in double-stranded DNA.  Using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code#RNA_codon_table genetic code], translate all possible reading frames of this DNA sequence, keeping in mind the following rules.
+
This reading frame does not contain a stop codon.
−
** In RNA, the T becomes a U, so everywhere you see a T in the sequence, read it as a U.
+
−
** The genetic code is read in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
+
−
** Use the single-letter abbreviations for the amino acids because that is what is commonly used by computer programs.
+
  
 +
====-3====
  
 +
K-C-R-Q-R-N-W-R-L-G-Y-T-R-N-M-V-L-A-Y
  
−
* Wiki Hint:  if you start your line with a single space character, it will appear in the grey box surrounded by the dashed line as shown above.
+
This reading frame does not contain a stop codon.
−
* Which of the reading frames (if any) of the reading frames you translated is an ''open reading frame'', i.e., does not contain a stop codon?
+
−
** By convention, the top strand frames are called +1, +2, +3, reading 5' to 3' and the bottom strand frames are called -1, -2, -3, reading 5' to 3'.
+
  
  
 
{{Template:Anuvarsh}}
 
{{Template:Anuvarsh}}

Latest revision as of 05:48, 14 September 2015

The Genetic Code

The Centra Dogma

In a nutshell, the central dogma of molecular biology is the transfer and use of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. This transfer of data happens in several processes which can be summarized in the graphic below:
Image taken from Georgia State University
This journal focuses on demonstrating the transcription and translation processes using the following segment of DNA as an example:

5’-cgtatgctaataccatgttccgcgtataacccagccgccagttccgctggcggcatttta-3’ 
3'-gcatacgattatggtacaaggcgcatattgggtcggcggtcaaggcgaccgccgtaaaat-5'


Transcription

The process of transcription is used to transfer the genetic material in DNA to a functional copy called mRNA. Either strand of the DNA can be used to make RNA, but the RNA can only be created in the 5' to 3' direction. mRNA is created by using one of the strands of DNA as a template, and utilizing the base pairs of each base to create a complementary strand of genetic material. What differentiates transcription from replication (and mRNA from DNA) is that instead of thymine, adenine pairs to a base called uracil which is only found on RNA. After transcription, the following two strands of mRNA would be created: 

5'-cguaugcuaauaccauguuccgcguauaacccagccgccaguuccgcuggcggcauuuua-3'  

5'-uaaaaugccgccagcggaacuggcggcuggguuauacgcggaacaugguauuagcauacg-3'


Translation

Once the mRNAs have been created, the cell is now prepared to translate genetic material into a protein. Because the mRNA is translated into protein using codons made up of 3 amino acids, there are a total of 6 possible reading frames for protein production from the two strands of mRNA created from the initial segment if DNA. Below are each of the 6 possible proteins that could be created by the 6 different reading frames.

+1

R-M-L-I-P-C-S-A-Y-N-P-A-A-S-S-A-G-G-I-L

This reading frame does not contain a stop codon.

+2

V-C-stop-Y-H-V-P-R-I-T-Q-P-P-V-P-L-A-A-F

+3

Y-A-N-T-M-F-R-V-stop-P-S-R-Q-F-R-W-R-H-F

-1

stop-N-A-A-S-G-T-G-G-W-V-I-R-G-T-W-Y-stop-H-T

-2

K-M-P-P-A-E-L-A-A-G-L-Y-A-E-H-G-I-S-I

This reading frame does not contain a stop codon.

-3

K-C-R-Q-R-N-W-R-L-G-Y-T-R-N-M-V-L-A-Y

This reading frame does not contain a stop codon.


Other Links

User Page: Anindita Varshneya
Class Page: BIOL/CMSI 367: Biological Databases, Fall 2015
Group Page: GÉNialOMICS

Assignment Pages

Week 1 Assignment
Week 2 Assignment
Week 3 Assignment
Week 4 Assignment
Week 5 Assignment
Week 6 Assignment
Week 7 Assignment
Week 8 Assignment
Week 9 Assignment
Week 10 Assignment
Week 11 Assignment
Week 12 Assignment
No Week 13 Assignment
Week 14 Assignment
Week 15 Assignment

Individual Journals

Individual Journal Week 2
Individual Journal Week 3
Individual Journal Week 4
Individual Journal Week 5
Individual Journal Week 6
Individual Journal Week 7
Individual Journal Week 8
Individual Journal Week 9
Individual Journal Week 10
Individual Journal Week 11
Individual Journal Week 12
Individual Journal Week 14
Individual Journal Week 15

Shared Journals

Class Journal Week 1
Class Journal Week 2
Class Journal Week 3
Class Journal Week 4
Class Journal Week 5
Class Journal Week 6
Class Journal Week 7
Class Journal Week 8
Class Journal Week 9
GÉNialOMICS Journal Week 10
GÉNialOMICS Journal Week 11
GÉNialOMICS Journal Week 12
GÉNialOMICS Journal Week 14
GÉNialOMICS Journal Week 15

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