Ntesfaio Week 2
Contents
Naomi Tesfaiohannes Week 2 Assignment
Protocol
Part IV. Evolution
Complete "A", "B", and "C" questions
Electronic Lab Notebook
Purpose
The purpose of the Evolution section was to explore evolution with evolving digital organisms. The evolution tab used 100 flowers that are annual. These flowers life for one year and die after producing seeds for the next generation. The flower contributes to the gene pool for the next generation and is based of fitness. All parents die and the offspring begin crossing with one another. All that this simulation focuses on is fitness.
Methods
All instructions came from File:Tesfaiohannes Aipotu.pdf
1. Open Aipotu download
2. Click on evolution
3. Turn off mutation by clicking file, preferences, mutation rate, and unchecking the mutations enabled checkbox.
A) Select for Red
A1) Click on the red and white organisms so that both are highlighted by a green box
A2) Load the two by clicking on the "Load" button on the bottom left of the screen
A3) Set the fitness of the red flower to 10 while making all other fitnesses 0.
A5) Test: Click the One Generation Test button in the bottom left of the screen. Continue doing this to observe multiple generations.
B) Selecting for White
B1) Click on the red and white organisms so that both are highlighted by a green box
B2) Load the two by clicking on the "Load" button on the bottom left of the screen
B3) Set the fitness in the setting panel so that the fitness of white is 10 and all other colors are 0.
B5) Test: Click the One Generation Only button in the bottom left of the screen. Continue doing this to observe multiple generations.
Check the genotype of each flower by checking the "Show colors of both alleles" in the "World Setting" part of preferences.
C) Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium & Natural Selection
C1) Load the world with only red organisms. The entire world should be red.
C2) Show colors of both alleles by going to Settings and selecting the designated tab
C3) Set all fitnesses to 5.
C7) Run one generation only.
C8) Set the fitness to selecct for red. Set the fitness of red to 10 and all other color's fitness to 0
C10) Click one generation only button
Results
Question A
Selecting for red
A4) Prediction: What should happen to the number of red and the number of white flowers after several generations with this selection?
By making the fitness of red the highest (10) and all other fitnesses 0 the number of red flowers should dominate and the number of white flowers should be little to none. There should definitely be no other color shown.
A6) Result: What happens to the counts of red and white flowers as you stimulate more generations? Roughly, how many generations does it take to get to pure red. Some all-red can still have some white offspring (why)?
Number of white and red by generational stimulate:
1 stimuate: 27 white and 73 red
2 stimulate: 20 white and 79 red
3 stimulate: 19 white and 81 red
At 9 generations there were 100 red and 0 any other color. All red generations can also have white offspring since white can be autosomal recessive and if one recessive genes is taken from each parent then the recessive trait can show.
Question B
Selecting for White
B4) Prediction: What should happen to the number of red and white flowers after several generations with this selection?
With the selection being white (10) and all other colors (0) the white flower has the greatest fitness and should dominate the grid.
B6) Result: What happens to the counts of red and white flowers as you stimulate more generations? Roughly how many generations does it take to get to pure white?
The number of white significantly increases by large amounts when selecting for white
With 1 stimulate there were 100 white flowers. No other color appeared.
Why does it take more generations to get to pure red than it does to get to pure white?
Question C
C3) Is this population at Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Genotype Number #R's #r's
RR 0 0 0
Rr 100 50 50
rr 0 0 0
Frequency of R (p): 50
Frequency of r (q): 50
C5) Calculate the genotype frequency expected at HWE:
Frequency of RR= p^2=
Frequency of Rr= pq=
Frequency of rr=q^2=
Is the population at HWE? Why or why not?
C7) Run one generation only. Is the population at HWE?
25 white and 75 red.
RR 21 Rr 54 rr 25
C9) With fitness set to 10 for red what should happen to p and q?
There should be more p than q present on the world grid
C11) Result: Calculate p and q as you did in part (d)
Generation 7
88 red and 12 white
Genotype Number #R's #r's
RR 40
Rr 48
rr 12
Frequency of R (p)=
Frequency of r (q)=
C12) Does the result match your prediction? Why or why not?
Acknowledgements
My homework partner this week was Iliana Crespin. We sat together in the class periods to discuss the week 2 assignment.
"Except for what is noted above, this individual journal entry was completed by me and not copied from another source."
Ntesfaio (talk) 11:44, 10 September 2019 (PDT)
