Hhinsch Week 12

Outline

Article Info

• The journal club article I reviewed is: Pizzaro, Jewett, Nielson, Agosin. (2008) Growth Temperature Exerts Differential Physiological and Transcriptional Responses in Laboratory and Wine Strains of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. "Applied and Environmental Microbiology", 74, 6358-6368, doi:10.1128/AEM.00602-08
• The full text can be found here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570279/pdf/0602-08.pdf

Definitions

1. Metabolome: the sum of all small molecular weight metabolites in a biological sample of interest. The metabolome of a given cell will vary greatly depending on its physiological or developmental state, its age, or its response to disease or drugs. [1]
2. Polyketide: any natural product synthesized via linear poly‐β‐ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head‐to‐tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty‐acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps. In many cases, acetyl‐CoA functions as the starter unit and malonyl‐CoA as the extending unit. Various molecules other than acetyl‐CoA may be used as starter, often with methylmalonyl‐CoA as the extending unit. The poly‐β‐ketones so formed may undergo modification by alkylation, cyclization, glycosylation, oxidation, or reduction. Polyketides include: coniine (of hemlock) and orsellinate (of lichens) – acetyl‐CoA; flavanoids and stilbenes – cinnamoyl‐CoA; tetracyclines – amide of malonyl‐CoA; urushiols (of poison‐ivy) – palmitoleoyl‐CoA; erythronolides – propionyl‐CoA and methylmalonyl‐CoA as extender. Polyketide synthases are large multidomain proteins that contain phosphopantheteine. [2]
3. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: abbr.: GC/MS; an analytical technique that combines the separation process of gas chromatography with the highly selective detection technique of mass spectrometry.[3]
4. Metabolite: a chemical compound that is produced or consumed during metabolism. Polymeric biological molecules are excluded from this definition. Metabolites include low-molecular-weight compounds that are produced or converted by enzymes during metabolism or the precursors or breakdown products of biopolymers. [4]
5. Fermentation: an energy-yielding enzymatic breakdown of sugar molecules that takes place in bacteria and yeasts under anaerobic conditions.[5]
6. Gluconeogenesis: the formulation of glucose or other carbohydrates such as glycogen (glyconeogenesis) from noncarbohydrate precursors such as glycogenic amino acids, lactate, and Krebs TCA cycle intermediates. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the mammalian liver under conditions such as starvation or low carbohydrate intake. [6]
7. Diploid: referring to the situation or state in the life cycle where a cell or organism has two sets of chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. Diploidy results from the fusion of the haploid egg nucleus and a haploid sperm nucleus. [7]
8. Aneuploid: Describing a nucleus, cell, or organism in which one or more chromosomes have been added to or deleted from the complete set, so that the total number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of the haploid number. [8]
9. Polyploid: Describing a nucleus that contains more than two sets of chromosomes (see diploid) or a cell or organism containing such nuclei. For example, triploid plants have three sets of chromosomes and tetraploid plants have four. Polyploidy is far more common in plants than in animals; many crops, in particular, are polyploid (bread wheat, for example, is hexaploid, i.e. 6n). It can be induced chemically with colchicine. [9]
10. Anaerobic Respiration: A type of respiration in which foodstuffs (usually carbohydrates) are partially oxidized, with the release of chemical energy, in a process not involving atmospheric oxygen. Since the substrate is never completely oxidized the energy yield of this type of respiration is lower than that of aerobic respiration. It occurs in some yeasts and bacteria and in muscle tissue when oxygen is absent (see oxygen debt). Obligate anaerobes are organisms that cannot use free oxygen for respiration; facultative anaerobes are normally aerobic but can respire anaerobically during periods of oxygen shortage. Alcoholic fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration in which one of the end products is ethanol. [10]

References

1. King, R., Mulligan, P., & Stansfield, W.(2013). A Dictionary of Genetics. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780199766444.001.0001/acref-9780199766444.
2. (2006). polyketide. In Cammack, R., Atwood, T., Campbell, P., Parish, H., Smith, A., Vella, F., & Stirling, J.(Eds.), Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780198529170.001.0001/acref-9780198529170-e-15977.
3. (2006). gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In Cammack, R., Atwood, T., Campbell, P., Parish, H., Smith, A., Vella, F., & Stirling, J.(Eds.), Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780198529170.001.0001/acref-9780198529170-e-7653.
4. King, R., Mulligan, P., & Stansfield, W.(2013). metabolite. In A Dictionary of Genetics. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780199766444.001.0001/acref-9780199766444-e-4071.
5. King, R., Mulligan, P., & Stansfield, W.(2013). fermentation. In A Dictionary of Genetics. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780199766444.001.0001/acref-9780199766444-e-2328.
6. King, R., Mulligan, P., & Stansfield, W.(2013). gluconeogenesis. In A Dictionary of Genetics. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780199766444.001.0001/acref-9780199766444-e-2707.
7. King, R., Mulligan, P., & Stansfield, W.(2013). diploid. In A Dictionary of Genetics. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780199766444.001.0001/acref-9780199766444-e-1796.
8. (2016). aneuploid. In Hine, R., & Martin, E.(Eds.), A Dictionary of Biology. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780198714378.001.0001/acref-9780198714378-e-230.
9. (2016). anaerobic respiration. In Hine, R., & Martin, E.(Eds.), A Dictionary of Biology. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 Nov. 2017, from http://electra.lmu.edu:2218/view/10.1093/acref/9780198714378.001.0001/acref-9780198714378-e-217.

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