Dramir36 Week 11
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Contents
Purpose
- To learn how to search the primary literature.
- To prepare and give a journal club presentation.
10 definitions of biological terms
- retrograde pathway: The mechanism of moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. Biology Dictionary (2019)
- septin: A protein involved in cytokinesis and also functions in maintaining cell morphology Biology Dictionary (2019)
- β‐galactosidase: One of a class of enzymes which cuts the glycosidic bond between the sugar galactose and another sugar molecule (of a different type than galactose). Biology Dictionary (2019)
- oxidoreductase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from an electron donor (reductant) to an electron acceptor (oxidant) in a redox reaction Biology Dictionary (2019)
- trehalose: A disaccharide made up of two α-glucose molecules, and serves as an energy source in certain fungi, bacteria, plants, and invertebrates Biology Dictionary (2019)
- supernatant: The soluble liquid fraction of a sample after centrifugation or precipitation of insoluble solids. Biology Dictionary (2019)
- biosynthesis: The production of a complex chemical compound from simpler precursors in a living organism, usually involving enzymes (to catalyze the reaction) and energy source (such as ATP) Biology Dictionary (2019)
- assimilation: The act of absorption or incorporation into the biological tissue. Biology Dictionary (2019)
- isoform: Any of the proteins with the same function and similar amino acid sequence, encoded by different genes (or by RNA transcript). Biology Dictionary (2019)
- attenuate: Tapering gradually. Biology Dictionary (2019)
Outline of Journal Article
- What is the main result presented in this paper? The main result is that there was a massive alteration in the expression profile shortly after potassium was removed from the medium. The lack of potassium drastically alters the sulfur metabolism, triggers an oxidative stress response, and activates the mitochondrial retrograde pathway. Another main finding was that after a short time without potassium, there were genes that became repressed, including genes that are involved in ribosome synthesis, translation, and the cell cycle.
- What is the importance or significance of this work? This research project is important because it shows how when Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a short-term potassium deprivation, there are impacts in the mRNA level of over one thousand genes.
- What were the limitations in previous studies that led them to perform this work? There wasn’t much insight of possible cellular functions that require potassium and the short-term effects on the gene expression profile when there is a deprivation from sudden depletion of potassium in the environment.
- How did they treat the yeast cells (what experiment were they doing?) Media that contains only traces of potassium and ammonium as nitrogen source, simulated an absence of potassium in the environment. Once the yeast has been incubated at different time points of a potassium-absent environment, RNA purification, cDNA synthesis and DNA microarray was conducted. RT-PCR assays were also conducted to see how the mutants and wild-type reacted to an increase or no increase of KCl.
- What strain(s) of yeast did they use? Were the strain(s) haploid or diploid? Wild-type S. cerevisiae had four main strains that were used in the work. The main strain is BY4741. The other three strains were BY4741 without trk1, without trk2, and without both trk1 and trk2. All of the strains used in the work are haploid.
- What media did they grow them in? What temperature? What type of incubator? For how long? Recently developed YNB-based growth media was used to treat the yeast cells at 28 degrees Celsius for 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 min by rapid filtration from four biological replicates. The control contained sufficient potassium, whereas the other media contained only traces of potassium and ammonium. The DH5ɑ cells were grown at 37 degrees Celsius in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. There was no information given about the incubator that was used.
- What controls did they use? The control used was the wild-type strain BY4741 in media that contained 50 ml of KCl.
- How many replicates did they perform per treatment or timepoint? There were four biological replicates performed per timepoint.
- What method did they use to prepare the RNA, label it and hybridize it to the microarray? The total RNA was extracted by using the Ribo Pure-Yeast kit (Ambion) following the manufacture’s instructions. RNA quality was assessed by electrophoresis in denaturing 0.8% agarose gels and quantified by measuring the A260 in a BioPhotometer (Eppendorf).
- What mathematical/statistical method did they use to analyze the data? A given gene was considered to be induced when the minus/ plus potassium signal ratio was equal or higher than 2.0-fold, whereas it was considered to be repressed when this signal was equal or less than 0.50-fold. The GEPAS server (v3.1) was used to pre-process the data.
- Are the data publicly available for download? From which web site? The Society for Applied Microbiology website offers the data, which is publicly available, and is located in the article’s “Supporting Information” section.
- Briefly state the result shown in each of the figures and tables, not just the ones you are presenting.
- What do the X and Y axes represent?
- How were the measurements made?
- What trends are shown by the plots and what conclusions can you draw from the data? Table 1: The majority of the genes were induced and repressed 60-120 min after the cells were transferred to potassium free media. Fig. 1: The majority of the genes were induced and repressed 60-120 min after the cells were transferred to potassium free media. Fig. 2: 2A: Potassium starvation decreases sulfuric amino acid metabolism. 2B: Graph depicting relative concentrations of mRNA for genes associated with Met/Cys metabolism. 2C: The concentration of Met/Cys amino acids decreases with potassium treatment Fig. 3: 3A: Oxidative stress response genes are induced by potassium deprivation. 3B: ROS formation causes oxidation when switch to K+-free medium. 3C: Potassium starvation- decline in GSH and increase in GSSG. Fig. 4: 4A: Methylglyoxal increases with trehalose Metabolism. 4B: Genes involved in trehalose synthesis show an increase in expression. 4C: Genes in MG detoxification enhanced without potassium. Fig. 5: 5A: Potassium starvation leads to a strong increase in expression of CIT2 & DLD3 genes central to the retrograde response. 5B: Mitochondrial morphology was normal, and not the cause of the retrograde response. 5C: Potassium starvation leads to an accumulation of ammonium in the cell, and may be one cause of the retrograde response. 5D: Cells without Trk1 do not show significant ammonium accumulation. Fig. 6: 6A: Expression of genes controlling cyclins exhibit a varied response to K+ starvation. Fig. 7: 7A: Lack of potassium in yeast destabilizes the septin ring. 7B: CDC11-GFP localization is affected during K+ starvation. 7C: CDC11 protein levels are constant during starvation. 7D: CDC11 not properly localized in cells grown 60 min
- How does this work compare with previous studies? This work demonstrates that lack of potassium actually causes a fast and persistent increase in intracellular ammonium concentration.
- What are the important implications of this work? There is a significant amount of change in cells occur even during the retention of more than necessary potassium.
- What future directions should the authors take? The authors could separate the methods into their own research projects to prevent intervention or confusion with implementing new methods into the same project.
- Give a critical evaluation of how well you think the authors supported their conclusions with the data they showed. Are there any major flaws to the paper? The only problem that I found with reading the results and the article in general is that, the authors inserted new techniques or analysis without much explanation, or the insertion of a new analysis method was not placed in the right spot of the article.
Annotated Bibliography
1st Reference
- The complete bibliographic reference in the APA style
- Gladfelter, A.S., Kozubowski, L., Zyla, T.R., and Lew, D.J. (2005) Interplay between septin organization, cell cycle and cell shape in yeast. J Cell Sci 118: 1617–1628. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02286
- The link to the abstract from PubMed.
- The link to the full text of the article in PubMedCentral (if not available, write N/A).
- N/A
- The link to the full text of the article (HTML format) from the publisher web site.
- The link to the full PDF version of the article from the publisher web site.
- Who owns the rights to the article?
- The Company of Biologists Limited 2005
- How is the article available to you?
- Not open access and not open after a certain amount of time, but LMU Library allows access through a subscription.
- Is the article available online-only or both in print and online?
- The article is available in both print and online view.
- Who is the publisher of the journal?
- The Company of Biologists Ltd in Cambridge, which is a not-for-profit publishing organization. This organization is their own scientific society, and is not a member of the OAPA.
- How Long has the journal been in operation?
- Since January of 1853
- Are the articles in this journal peer-reviewed?
- Articles are peer-reviewed.
- Provide a link to the scientific advisory board/editorial board of the journal.
- What is the journal impact factor?
- 4.517 (2018)
- Is the article a review or primary research article?
- Primary research article
- Are the data associated with this article available? If so, provide a link to the dataset.
- The data is not available.
2nd Reference
- The complete bibliographic reference in the APA style
- Howell, A.S., and Lew, D.J. (2012) Morphogenesis and the cell cycle. Genetics 190: 51–77. DOI https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.111.128314
- The link to the abstract from PubMed.
- The link to the full text of the article in PubMedCentral.
- The link to the full text of the article (HTML format) from the publisher web site.
- The link to the full PDF version of the article from the publisher web site.
- Who owns the rights to the article?
- 2012 by the Genetics Society of America
- How is the article available to you?
- Open Access
- Is the article available online-only or both in print and online?
- Available in both print and online versions
- Who is the publisher of the journal?
- Genetics located in Bethesda, Maryland, is a for-profit scientific society which is not part of the OAPA.
- How Long has the journal been in operation? (e.g., browse the archive for the earliest article published)
- Journal began in January of 1916
- Are the articles in this journal peer-reviewed?
- Articles are peer-reviewed
- Provide a link to the scientific advisory board/editorial board of the journal.
- What is the journal impact factor?
- 3.564 (2018)
- Is the article a review or primary research article?
- Review article
- Are the data associated with this article available? If so, provide a link to the dataset.
- No data available
PubMed, GoogleScholar, and Web of Science
- Use a keyword search for the first three databases/tools and answer the following:
- PubMed
- What original keyword(s) did you use? How many results did you get?
- Yeast and septin. 489 results
- Which terms in which combinations were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get after narrowing the search?
- Using "yeast and septin and cell cycle" really helped focus the search on yeast cell research, while also focusing on articles that mention septin and cell cycle research together. The results were narrowed to 41.
- What original keyword(s) did you use? How many results did you get?
- Google Scholar
- What original keyword(s) did you use? How many results did you get?
- "Morphogenesis and the cell cycle" 342,000 results
- Which terms in which combinations were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get after narrowing the search?
- What original keyword(s) did you use? How many results did you get?
- "Yeast morphogenesis cell cycle" to specify that I am interested in yeast cell research. This narrowed down the results to 127,000.
- Web of Science
- What original keyword(s) did you use? How many results did you get?
- "Yeast and lack of potassium" 154 results
- Which terms in which combinations were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get after narrowing the search?
- I added the term "environment" into my search so that articles that mention treating yeast cells in a potassium-absent environment are shown. The results were narrowed to 11.
- What original keyword(s) did you use? How many results did you get?
- PubMed
- Use the advanced search functions for each of these three databases/tools and answer the following:
- PubMed
- Which advanced search functions were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get?
- I focused the search to the tex words containing "yeast and septin and cell cycle" which lowered down the results to 29.
- Which advanced search functions were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get?
- Google Scholar
- Which advanced search functions were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get?
- I used all the articles that contained the words "yeast and morphogenesis and cell cycle" which lowered down the results to 119,000.
- Which advanced search functions were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get?
- Web of Science
- Which advanced search functions were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get?
- I removed article categories that are not related to science research, but the results came out to stay at 11.
- Which advanced search functions were most useful to narrow down the search? How many results did you get?
- Perform a prospective search on your article in the Web of Science and answer the following:
- How many articles does this article cite?
- This article has 31 cites
- How many articles cite this article?
- 63 articles cite this article
- How many articles does this article cite?
- PubMed
Reflect
- What impact does the choice of keywords have on your results?
- I realized that placing certain keywords first has a big affect on the number of results and the articles that appear first.
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of the three databases (Pubmed, Google Scholar, Web of Science)?
- PubMed can be very useful when acquiring information about articles but doesn't do a good job at making the full article easily accessible. Google Scholar can be very useful for initial article searches, but isn't very good at specific searches and gives way too many results. Web of Science is very good at giving specific article results but does not provide the full article after clicking the article from the search page.
Conclusion
- Two articles were looked into for further information for each. Three databases were used to search specific topics that were related to the main research article of our group, and each database gave different results, as each had their own special uses. Using different keywords or placing the keywords in a different order while searching, will give different results.
Data/Files
The short-term response of yeast to potassium starvation
References
- Barreto, L., Canadell, D., Valverde-Saubí, D., Casamayor, A., & Ariño, J. (2012). The short-term response of yeast to potassium starvation. Environmental Microbiology, 14(11), 3026–3042. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02887.x, https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02887.x
- Biology Online. (2019). Biology Dictionary. https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page
