Difference between revisions of "Dmadere Week 11"

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 +
==Purpose==
 +
The purpose of this week was to work as a team to read a research paper on budding yeast in response to arsenite stress and get a better understanding of the author's implications as well as the data they provided.
 +
 
==Definitions==
 
==Definitions==
 +
 +
#Hematological Cancer
 +
#*Cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue, like bone marrow or in the cells of the immune system.
 +
#*https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hematologic-cancer
 +
#Aquaglyceroporin
 +
#*Membrane channel involved in urea transport and osmotic water permeability functions in specialized leukocyte as immunological and bactericidal response.
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Aquaporin-9
 +
#Hexamer
 +
#*A molecule made up of six structural subunits, such as an oligomer (or polymer) having six monomers.
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Hexamer
 +
#Proteolytic activity
 +
#*An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides).
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Proteolytic
 +
#Chelation
 +
#*The combination of a metal ion with a chemical compound, forming a ring.
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Chelation
 +
#Flux
 +
#*The rate of passage of energy or matter (usually in crossing a given area or passing through a given volume) under steady‐state conditions.
 +
#*https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198529170.001.0001/acref-9780198529170-e-7217?rskey=6x4y0R&result=7101
 +
#Promyelocytic leukemia
 +
#*Is an aggressive type of acute myeloid leukemia in which there are too many immature blood-forming cells (promyelocytes) in the blood and bone marrow.
 +
#*https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/538/acute-promyelocytic-leukemia
 +
#Metabolite
 +
#*A substance that is a product of metabolic action or that is involved in a metabolic process.
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Metabolite
 +
#Biosynthesis
 +
#*The production of a complex chemical compound from simpler precursors in a living organism, usually involving enzymes and energy.
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Biosynthesis
 +
#Isoenzyme
 +
#*Enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction.
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Isoenzyme
 +
#Assimilation
 +
#*The conversion of nutriment into a useable form (e.g. liquid or solid) that is incorporated into the tissues and organs following the processes of digestion.
 +
#*https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Assimilation
  
 
==Article Outline==
 
==Article Outline==
  
 
#What is the main result presented in this paper?
 
#What is the main result presented in this paper?
 +
#*The main result presented in this paper was that the yeast was able to undergo this environmental stress from arsenite with the transcription factors Met4p and Yap1p from the incorporation of sulfur in the glutathione biosynthesis when there is an increased amount of arsenite present.
 
#What is the importance or significance of this work?
 
#What is the importance or significance of this work?
 +
#*The significance of this work was to see if other transcription factors in addition to the ones mentioned in the introduction were able to also undergo arsenic stress and to study how that process works.
 
#What were the limitations in previous studies that led them to perform this work?
 
#What were the limitations in previous studies that led them to perform this work?
 +
#*The limitation in the previous study that led the researchers perform this work was whether protein glutathionylation occurs in response to metals. With this limitation, they knew that Met4p controls GSH biosynthesis pathways and has known to be essential in controlling the sulfur assimilation expression genes and biosynthesis genes. From this limitation, they wanted to test yeast’s response to arsenite and see if the transcriptional regulators Yap1p and Met4p guide the sulfate assimilation pathway into the glutathione pathway.
 
#How did they treat the yeast cells (what experiment were they doing?)
 
#How did they treat the yeast cells (what experiment were they doing?)
 +
#*The yeast cells after incubation were cleaned, combined, vacuum-dried, and resuspended in hybridization buffer to then be incubated at 100 Celsius for 2 min and 37 Celsius for 30 min to be analyzed in a microarray. The yeast cells were also exposed to 0.2  and 1.2 mM of sodium arsenite for further testing of their responses to the metal.
 
#What strain(s) of yeast did they use? Were the strain(s) haploid or diploid?
 
#What strain(s) of yeast did they use? Were the strain(s) haploid or diploid?
 +
#*The yeast strains that they used were W303-1A, RW124, CC849-1B, RW104, and YPDahl166. The paper did not specify whether these strains were haploid or diploid.
 
#What media did they grow them in? What temperature? What type of incubator? For how long?
 
#What media did they grow them in? What temperature? What type of incubator? For how long?
 +
#*The media that the yeast strains were grown in was YNB media (0.67% yeast nitrogen base) with 2% glucose or in SC medium (YNB containing 2% glucose) at a temperature of 30 Celsius.
 
#What controls did they use?
 
#What controls did they use?
 +
#*The controls that they used included the untreated yeast cells known as the wildtype cells.
 
#How many replicates did they perform per treatment or timepoint?
 
#How many replicates did they perform per treatment or timepoint?
 +
#*There are no replicates mentioned in the data that was provided.
 
#What method did they use to prepare the RNA, label it and hybridize it to the microarray?
 
#What method did they use to prepare the RNA, label it and hybridize it to the microarray?
 +
#*To prepare the RNA, they isolated it from growing yeast cells that were both treated with and without sodium arsenite, and primed 20 micrograms of the total with 3 micrograms of hexamer and 3 micrograms of primer. It was then labeled in a reverse transcription reaction in a volume of 30 microliters with Cy3-dUTP or Cy5-dUTP. The cDNA was then cleaned, combined, vacuum-dried, and resuspended in hybridization buffer to be incubated.
 
#What mathematical/statistical method did they use to analyze the data?
 
#What mathematical/statistical method did they use to analyze the data?
 +
#*They used a generalized additive model (GAM) to determine how equal the genes with a present consensus motif in the promoter are among all the genes or if they were overrepresented against all the genes from the microarray.
 
#Are the data publicly available for download? From which web site?
 
#Are the data publicly available for download? From which web site?
 +
#*The microarray data is publicly available on the publishers website, physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00236.2006.
 
#Briefly state the result shown in each of the figures and tables, not just the ones you are presenting.
 
#Briefly state the result shown in each of the figures and tables, not just the ones you are presenting.
−
#*What do the X and Y axes represent?
+
#*Figure 1
−
#*How were the measurements made?
+
#::-This figure is showing the sulfate assimilation pathway and glutathione pathway following a yeast’s response to different metal stresses.
−
#*What trends are shown by the plots and what conclusions can you draw from the data?
+
#*Table 1
 +
#::-This table is showing the different yeast strains that were studied in this experiment. The strain that was studied in this experiment was the YPDahl166 strain.
 +
#*Figure 2
 +
#::-This figure shows the kinetic response of sulfur metabolites in response to the 0.2mM of arsenite as well as the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione levels over time. The X-axis show the time in hours and the Y-axis shows the intracellular sulfur metabolite concentrations are given in micromolar. From this, the gamma-gutamylcysteine had the strongest kinetic response with an increasing >10-fold after 3 hours.
 +
#*Figure 3
 +
#::-This figure shows the sulfate utilization in arsenic exposed cells of 0.2mM, 0.1mM, and 0mM (control). The X-axis represents the cells with the concentration of arsenic added, including the control which is untreated. The Y-axis represents the amount of radioactivity (cpm) incorporated into proteins (darker shading) in comparison to the radioactivity incorporated into GSH (lighter shading). Overall, this figure shows that with the addition of arsenite, there is a reduction in sulfur incorporation into proteins and an increase of sulfur incorporation into GSH.
 +
#*Table 2
 +
#::-This table represents all the transcription factors that had an overrepresentation of their DNA binding site in the promoter region of the up and down regulated genes in the cells stressed with arsenite. The data includes the transcription factors, their p-values, and the type of gene function that they encode. From this table, it is shown that the transcription factors with overrepresented DNA binding sites in the promoters of upregulated genes mostly encode for functions that respond to different stresses while the downregulated genes encode for ribosomal function.
 +
#*Figure 4
 +
#::-Figure 4a is a heat map of the microarray data from this experiment. The X-axis represents the time in hours for each concentration of arsenite, while the Y-axis represents the genes that were studied for the transcription factors Yap1p and Met4p. Genes that are expressed in red indicated an upregulation, green genes indicate a downregulation, and black genes show that there was no change. Figure 4b shows a Northern blot analysis of the RNA extracted from the wildtype, and the mutant genes met4 and yap1. The X-axis shows the time in minutes while the Y-axis shows the genes in comparison to the wildtype and the ladder. This data altogether shows that met4 mutant has an effect on the regulation of different genes including the overexpression and deletion.
 +
#*Figure 5
 +
#::-Figure 5 shows tenfold serial dilutions of the control and mutant strains including met4, acr3, and cr3/met4. The X-axis shows the different concentrations of metals including 5mM and 0.5mM of arsenic as well as 5mM of antimony, and 10micromolar of cadmium. The Y-axis shows the different mutant strains in comparison to the wildtype. From the data, it is indicated that the transcription factor Acr3p is the primary factor for arsenic resistance.
 
#How does this work compare with previous studies?
 
#How does this work compare with previous studies?
 +
#*This work is similar to previous studies in that it tests the transcription factors roles in metal stress. In the previous studies mentioned by the paper, the transcription factors that were studied included Yap8p which controls the expression of ACR2 and ACR3 genes which have arsenic-specific detoxification characteristics. Similarly in this study, Met4p and Yap1p are different transcription factors that can aid in the resistance of arsenic as well.
 
#What are the important implications of this work?
 
#What are the important implications of this work?
 +
#*The important implications of this work include that there are different transcription factors that can regulate the expression of gene resistance to different metals.
 
#What future directions should the authors take?
 
#What future directions should the authors take?
 +
#*As a next step, the authors should test an even different transcription factor that could potentially play a role in arsenic resistance.
 
#Give a critical evaluation of how well you think the authors supported their conclusions with the data they showed. Are there any major flaws to the paper?
 
#Give a critical evaluation of how well you think the authors supported their conclusions with the data they showed. Are there any major flaws to the paper?
 +
#*The authors supported their conclusions with the represented data, but there was a bit of miscommunication in the figures that they provided. They did not give very great explanations of their figures and did not completely make connections to what was stated in the introduction.
 +
 +
==Data & Files==
 +
 +
[[Media: DM_Yeast_Undergoes_Arsenic_Stress.pdf|DM_Yeast_Undergoes_Arsenic_Stress.pdf]]
 +
 +
==Annotated Bibliography==
 +
 +
'''Ibstedt, S., Sideri, T. C., Grant, C. M., & Tamás, M. J. (2014). Global analysis of protein aggregation in yeast during physiological conditions and arsenite stress. Biology open, 3(10), 913-923. doi: 10.1242/bio.20148938'''
 +
#PubMed Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Global+analysis+of+protein+aggregation+in+yeast+during+physiological+conditions+and+arsenite+stress
 +
#PubMed Central Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4197440/
 +
#Publisher Full Text (HTML): https://bio.biologists.org/content/3/10/913.short
 +
#Publisher Full Text (PDF): https://bio.biologists.org/content/biolopen/3/10/913.full.pdf
 +
#Copyright:2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd (information found on PDF version of article)
 +
#Article is Open Access.
 +
#Article is available only online. The journal website allows for a subscription, but only for access to online content.
 +
#Publisher: The Company of Biologists Ltd (not a scientific society), non-profit, OAPA member, United Kingdom
 +
#The journal began in 2012.
 +
#The articles in the journal are peer-reviewed.
 +
#Editors and Board: https://bio.biologists.org/content/edboard
 +
#Journal Impact Factor: 1.962
 +
#The article is a primary research article.
 +
#Data from article: https://bio.biologists.org/content/3/10/913.supplemental
 +
 +
'''Sanchez, Y., Taulien, J., Borkovich, K. A., & Lindquist, S. (1992). Hsp104 is required for tolerance to many forms of stress. The EMBO journal, 11(6), 2357-2364. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05295.x'''
 +
#PubMed Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1600951
 +
#PubMed Central Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556703/
 +
#Publisher Full Text (HTML): https://www.embopress.org/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05295.x
 +
#Publisher Full Text (PDF): file:///C:/Users/DeLisa/Downloads/Sanchez_et_al-1992-The_EMBO_Journal.pdf
 +
#Copyright: 1992. Oxford University Press (information found on PDF version of article)
 +
#Article is Open Access.
 +
#Article is available only online. The journal allows for a user to sign up to receive alerts for journals, but there is no subscription link to get paper versions of the journal.
 +
#Publisher: Published by the European Molecular Biology Organization (not a scientific society), for-profit, OAPA member, Chicago
 +
#The journal began in 1982.
 +
#The articles in this journal are peer-reviewed.
 +
#Editors and Board: https://www.embopress.org/page/journal/14602075/editors
 +
#Journal Impact Factor: 11.2
 +
#The article is a primary research article.
 +
#There is not an external data set attached to this article.
 +
 +
[[User:Dmadere|Dmadere]] ([[User talk:Dmadere|talk]]) 23:59, 18 November 2019 (PST)
 +
 +
==Conclusion==
 +
From reading the research experiment, we have concluded that yeast is able to undergo arsenic stress through the gluathione pathway. From this conclusion, our team was able to compile our findings into a presentation to share the author's work with the class.
 +
 +
==Acknowledgements==
 +
*I would like to acknowledge my team group, [[Sulfiknights|Sulfiknights]], including [[User:Jnimmers|Joey]], [[User:Mavila9|Marcus]], [[User:Ntesfaio|Naomi]], and [[User:Imacarae|Ivy]].
 +
*'''"Except for what is noted above, this individual journal entry was completed by me and not copied from another source."'''
 +
*[[User:Dmadere|Dmadere]] ([[User talk:Dmadere|talk]]) 11:11, 14 November 2019 (PST)
 +
 +
==References==
 +
*Thorsen, M., Lagniel, G., Kristiansson, E., Junot, C., Nerman, O., Labarre, J., & Tamás, M. J. (2007). Quantitative transcriptome, proteome, and sulfur metabolite profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae response to arsenite. Physiological genomics, 30(1), 35-43. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00236.2006
 +
 +
{{Dmadere}}

Latest revision as of 23:59, 18 November 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this week was to work as a team to read a research paper on budding yeast in response to arsenite stress and get a better understanding of the author's implications as well as the data they provided.

Definitions

  1. Hematological Cancer
  2. Aquaglyceroporin
  3. Hexamer
  4. Proteolytic activity
  5. Chelation
  6. Flux
  7. Promyelocytic leukemia
  8. Metabolite
  9. Biosynthesis
  10. Isoenzyme
  11. Assimilation

Article Outline

  1. What is the main result presented in this paper?
    • The main result presented in this paper was that the yeast was able to undergo this environmental stress from arsenite with the transcription factors Met4p and Yap1p from the incorporation of sulfur in the glutathione biosynthesis when there is an increased amount of arsenite present.
  2. What is the importance or significance of this work?
    • The significance of this work was to see if other transcription factors in addition to the ones mentioned in the introduction were able to also undergo arsenic stress and to study how that process works.
  3. What were the limitations in previous studies that led them to perform this work?
    • The limitation in the previous study that led the researchers perform this work was whether protein glutathionylation occurs in response to metals. With this limitation, they knew that Met4p controls GSH biosynthesis pathways and has known to be essential in controlling the sulfur assimilation expression genes and biosynthesis genes. From this limitation, they wanted to test yeast’s response to arsenite and see if the transcriptional regulators Yap1p and Met4p guide the sulfate assimilation pathway into the glutathione pathway.
  4. How did they treat the yeast cells (what experiment were they doing?)
    • The yeast cells after incubation were cleaned, combined, vacuum-dried, and resuspended in hybridization buffer to then be incubated at 100 Celsius for 2 min and 37 Celsius for 30 min to be analyzed in a microarray. The yeast cells were also exposed to 0.2 and 1.2 mM of sodium arsenite for further testing of their responses to the metal.
  5. What strain(s) of yeast did they use? Were the strain(s) haploid or diploid?
    • The yeast strains that they used were W303-1A, RW124, CC849-1B, RW104, and YPDahl166. The paper did not specify whether these strains were haploid or diploid.
  6. What media did they grow them in? What temperature? What type of incubator? For how long?
    • The media that the yeast strains were grown in was YNB media (0.67% yeast nitrogen base) with 2% glucose or in SC medium (YNB containing 2% glucose) at a temperature of 30 Celsius.
  7. What controls did they use?
    • The controls that they used included the untreated yeast cells known as the wildtype cells.
  8. How many replicates did they perform per treatment or timepoint?
    • There are no replicates mentioned in the data that was provided.
  9. What method did they use to prepare the RNA, label it and hybridize it to the microarray?
    • To prepare the RNA, they isolated it from growing yeast cells that were both treated with and without sodium arsenite, and primed 20 micrograms of the total with 3 micrograms of hexamer and 3 micrograms of primer. It was then labeled in a reverse transcription reaction in a volume of 30 microliters with Cy3-dUTP or Cy5-dUTP. The cDNA was then cleaned, combined, vacuum-dried, and resuspended in hybridization buffer to be incubated.
  10. What mathematical/statistical method did they use to analyze the data?
    • They used a generalized additive model (GAM) to determine how equal the genes with a present consensus motif in the promoter are among all the genes or if they were overrepresented against all the genes from the microarray.
  11. Are the data publicly available for download? From which web site?
    • The microarray data is publicly available on the publishers website, physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00236.2006.
  12. Briefly state the result shown in each of the figures and tables, not just the ones you are presenting.
    • Figure 1
    -This figure is showing the sulfate assimilation pathway and glutathione pathway following a yeast’s response to different metal stresses.
    • Table 1
    -This table is showing the different yeast strains that were studied in this experiment. The strain that was studied in this experiment was the YPDahl166 strain.
    • Figure 2
    -This figure shows the kinetic response of sulfur metabolites in response to the 0.2mM of arsenite as well as the ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione levels over time. The X-axis show the time in hours and the Y-axis shows the intracellular sulfur metabolite concentrations are given in micromolar. From this, the gamma-gutamylcysteine had the strongest kinetic response with an increasing >10-fold after 3 hours.
    • Figure 3
    -This figure shows the sulfate utilization in arsenic exposed cells of 0.2mM, 0.1mM, and 0mM (control). The X-axis represents the cells with the concentration of arsenic added, including the control which is untreated. The Y-axis represents the amount of radioactivity (cpm) incorporated into proteins (darker shading) in comparison to the radioactivity incorporated into GSH (lighter shading). Overall, this figure shows that with the addition of arsenite, there is a reduction in sulfur incorporation into proteins and an increase of sulfur incorporation into GSH.
    • Table 2
    -This table represents all the transcription factors that had an overrepresentation of their DNA binding site in the promoter region of the up and down regulated genes in the cells stressed with arsenite. The data includes the transcription factors, their p-values, and the type of gene function that they encode. From this table, it is shown that the transcription factors with overrepresented DNA binding sites in the promoters of upregulated genes mostly encode for functions that respond to different stresses while the downregulated genes encode for ribosomal function.
    • Figure 4
    -Figure 4a is a heat map of the microarray data from this experiment. The X-axis represents the time in hours for each concentration of arsenite, while the Y-axis represents the genes that were studied for the transcription factors Yap1p and Met4p. Genes that are expressed in red indicated an upregulation, green genes indicate a downregulation, and black genes show that there was no change. Figure 4b shows a Northern blot analysis of the RNA extracted from the wildtype, and the mutant genes met4 and yap1. The X-axis shows the time in minutes while the Y-axis shows the genes in comparison to the wildtype and the ladder. This data altogether shows that met4 mutant has an effect on the regulation of different genes including the overexpression and deletion.
    • Figure 5
    -Figure 5 shows tenfold serial dilutions of the control and mutant strains including met4, acr3, and cr3/met4. The X-axis shows the different concentrations of metals including 5mM and 0.5mM of arsenic as well as 5mM of antimony, and 10micromolar of cadmium. The Y-axis shows the different mutant strains in comparison to the wildtype. From the data, it is indicated that the transcription factor Acr3p is the primary factor for arsenic resistance.
  13. How does this work compare with previous studies?
    • This work is similar to previous studies in that it tests the transcription factors roles in metal stress. In the previous studies mentioned by the paper, the transcription factors that were studied included Yap8p which controls the expression of ACR2 and ACR3 genes which have arsenic-specific detoxification characteristics. Similarly in this study, Met4p and Yap1p are different transcription factors that can aid in the resistance of arsenic as well.
  14. What are the important implications of this work?
    • The important implications of this work include that there are different transcription factors that can regulate the expression of gene resistance to different metals.
  15. What future directions should the authors take?
    • As a next step, the authors should test an even different transcription factor that could potentially play a role in arsenic resistance.
  16. Give a critical evaluation of how well you think the authors supported their conclusions with the data they showed. Are there any major flaws to the paper?
    • The authors supported their conclusions with the represented data, but there was a bit of miscommunication in the figures that they provided. They did not give very great explanations of their figures and did not completely make connections to what was stated in the introduction.

Data & Files

DM_Yeast_Undergoes_Arsenic_Stress.pdf

Annotated Bibliography

Ibstedt, S., Sideri, T. C., Grant, C. M., & Tamás, M. J. (2014). Global analysis of protein aggregation in yeast during physiological conditions and arsenite stress. Biology open, 3(10), 913-923. doi: 10.1242/bio.20148938

  1. PubMed Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Global+analysis+of+protein+aggregation+in+yeast+during+physiological+conditions+and+arsenite+stress
  2. PubMed Central Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4197440/
  3. Publisher Full Text (HTML): https://bio.biologists.org/content/3/10/913.short
  4. Publisher Full Text (PDF): https://bio.biologists.org/content/biolopen/3/10/913.full.pdf
  5. Copyright:2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd (information found on PDF version of article)
  6. Article is Open Access.
  7. Article is available only online. The journal website allows for a subscription, but only for access to online content.
  8. Publisher: The Company of Biologists Ltd (not a scientific society), non-profit, OAPA member, United Kingdom
  9. The journal began in 2012.
  10. The articles in the journal are peer-reviewed.
  11. Editors and Board: https://bio.biologists.org/content/edboard
  12. Journal Impact Factor: 1.962
  13. The article is a primary research article.
  14. Data from article: https://bio.biologists.org/content/3/10/913.supplemental

Sanchez, Y., Taulien, J., Borkovich, K. A., & Lindquist, S. (1992). Hsp104 is required for tolerance to many forms of stress. The EMBO journal, 11(6), 2357-2364. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05295.x

  1. PubMed Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1600951
  2. PubMed Central Full Text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC556703/
  3. Publisher Full Text (HTML): https://www.embopress.org/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05295.x
  4. Publisher Full Text (PDF): file:///C:/Users/DeLisa/Downloads/Sanchez_et_al-1992-The_EMBO_Journal.pdf
  5. Copyright: 1992. Oxford University Press (information found on PDF version of article)
  6. Article is Open Access.
  7. Article is available only online. The journal allows for a user to sign up to receive alerts for journals, but there is no subscription link to get paper versions of the journal.
  8. Publisher: Published by the European Molecular Biology Organization (not a scientific society), for-profit, OAPA member, Chicago
  9. The journal began in 1982.
  10. The articles in this journal are peer-reviewed.
  11. Editors and Board: https://www.embopress.org/page/journal/14602075/editors
  12. Journal Impact Factor: 11.2
  13. The article is a primary research article.
  14. There is not an external data set attached to this article.

Dmadere (talk) 23:59, 18 November 2019 (PST)

Conclusion

From reading the research experiment, we have concluded that yeast is able to undergo arsenic stress through the gluathione pathway. From this conclusion, our team was able to compile our findings into a presentation to share the author's work with the class.

Acknowledgements

  • I would like to acknowledge my team group, Sulfiknights, including Joey, Marcus, Naomi, and Ivy.
  • "Except for what is noted above, this individual journal entry was completed by me and not copied from another source."
  • Dmadere (talk) 11:11, 14 November 2019 (PST)

References

  • Thorsen, M., Lagniel, G., Kristiansson, E., Junot, C., Nerman, O., Labarre, J., & Tamás, M. J. (2007). Quantitative transcriptome, proteome, and sulfur metabolite profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae response to arsenite. Physiological genomics, 30(1), 35-43. DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00236.2006

My Page

Assignments Journal Entries Shared Journal
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Week 4 Dmadere Week 4 Class Journal Week 4
Week 5 CancerSEA Week 5 Class Journal Week 5
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