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10 Words I Didn't Understand Before

1. Acute promyelocytic leukemia - An aggressive type of acute myeloid leukemia in which there are too many immature blood-forming cells in the blood and bone marrow. It is usually marked by an exchange of parts of chromosomes 15 and 17. Also called APL and promyelocytic leukemia (NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, 2008).
2. Aquaglyceroporin - integral membrane proteins that are permeable to glycerol as well as water (Grosell, 2003).
3. Chelation - the combination of a metal ion with a chemical compound, forming a ring (biology-online.org dictionary, 2014).
4. Glutathionylation - the specific post-translational modification of protein cysteine residues by the addition of the tripeptide glutathione, the most abundant and important low-molecular-mass thiol within most cell types (Dalle-Donne, 2009).
5. Auxotrophic - any strain of microorganism (alga, bacterium, or fungus) that differs from the wild‐type by requiring a supply of one or more growth factors (Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology).
6. Orthologue - a gene, protein, or biopolymeric sequence that is evolutionarily related to another by descent from a common ancestor, having diverged as a result of a speciation event (Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology).
7. Dichotomous - a term that describes dividing into two parts or classifications (biology-online.org dictionary, 2014).
8. Antioxidant - any substance that inhibits oxidation, usually because it is preferentially oxidized itself (Lackie, 2007).
9. Glutathione - most abundant non-protein thiol, synthesized in the cytosol, that protects against oxidative stress, and regulates cell proliferation, immune response, apoptosis, and fibrogenesis (Lu, 2012)
10. Ubiquitination - formation of a highly efficient and selective isopeptide bond between a substrate lysine residue and the C-terminus of ubiquitin catalyzed by ubiquitin-protein ligase, or E3 (Pickart, 2001).

Article Outline

1. What is the main result presented in this paper?
   • This paper's main result was that cells responded to cellular arsenite acquisition by stimulating sulfur assimilation or glutathione biosynthesis pathways through the control of transcription factors Yap1p and Met4p. These results are found by transcriptome, proteome, and sulfur metabolite profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae's response to arsenite.
2. What is the importance or significance of this work?
3. What were the limitations in previous studies that led them to perform this work?
4. How did they treat the yeast cells (what experiment were they doing?)
5. What strain(s) of yeast did they use? Were the strain(s) haploid or diploid?
6. What media did they grow them in? What temperature? What type of incubator? For how long?
7. What controls did they use?
8. How many replicates did they perform per treatment or timepoint?
9. What method did they use to prepare the RNA, label it and hybridize it to the microarray?
10. What mathematical/statistical method did they use to analyze the data?
11. Are the data publicly available for download? From which web site?
12. Briefly state the result shown in each of the figures and tables, not just the ones you are presenting.
    • What do the X and Y axes represent?
    • How were the measurements made?
    • What trends are shown by the plots and what conclusions can you draw from the data?
13. How does this work compare with previous studies?
14. What are the important implications of this work?
15. What future directions should the authors take?
16. Give a critical evaluation of how well you think the authors supported their conclusions with the data they showed. Are there any major flaws to the paper?

References

(2006). auxotroph. In Cammack, R., Atwood, T., Campbell, P., Parish, H., Smith, A., Vella, F., & Stirling, J. (Eds.), Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. : Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 Nov. 2019, from https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198529170.001.0001/acref-9780198529170-e-1807

Biology Online, BWB Marketing, 12 May 2014, https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary

Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Colombo, G., Giustarini, D., & Milzani, A. (2009). Protein S-glutathionylation: a regulatory device from bacteria to humans. Trends in biochemical sciences, 34(2), 85-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2008.11.002

Grosell, M., & Bury, N. R. (2003). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Biomembranes: Preface. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Biomembranes, 1618(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.004

Lackie, J. M., & Lackie, J. M. (Eds.). (2007). The dictionary of cell and molecular biology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Lu, S. C. (2013). Glutathione synthesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1830(5), 3143-3153. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.008

“NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms.” National Cancer Institute, 5 Apr. 2018, www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/.

Pickart, C. M. (2001). Mechanisms underlying ubiquitination. Annual review of biochemistry, 70(1), 503-533. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.503